December 20, 2024: Wave X As we enter the tenth wave of COVID-19 in the U.S, the XEC variant has emerged as the dominant strain, but other variants are gaining traction

November 30, 2024: Crossroads of Pathogens: The Evolving Threat of Avian Influenza Three recent cases of bird flu.

November 26, 2024: Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias Wide QRS complex tachycardias are a diagnostic challenge, often requiring careful assessment to differentiate between ventricular and supraventricular origins.

October 15, 2024: Inclusive Planning The path to healthier communities begins with a simple step: listening to the people who call it home.

October 14, 2024: Arm Position Matters Small changes in positioning can lead to big changes in your blood pressure readings.

October 8, 2024: Crowdsourcing Community Vision strategic decisions about amenities and infrastructure are traditionally made by a few, but what if we could democratize this process?

October 2, 2024: Recombinant Transmission Swedish scientists have documented the first transmission of a novel recombinant SARS-CoV-2 variant. A patient co-infected with two sublineages—XBB (HV.1) and BA.2.86.1—generated and passed a hybrid virus to another patient in a hospital.

September 23, 2024: Brain vs RTX Both systems represent incredible feats of engineering — one through billions of years of evolution, the other through decades of technological innovation.

September 19, 2024: Seasons of Sound Listening to seasonal music can evoke feelings tied to the changing environment—joy in spring, relaxation in summer, reflection in autumn, and introspection in winter.

August 30, 2024: Sustainable Growth in Planned Communities Master-planned communities enhance the quality of life in a rapidly changing world.

August 29, 2024: The Dynamics of Aging Communities The world is aging rapidly creating a pressing need for environments tailored to older adults.

August 27, 2024: AI and the Future of urban development What if we could integrate Time-Varying Markov Models with AI to enhance forecasting precision?

August 26, 2024: Modeling the Dynamics of Growth in Master-Planned Communities While traditional time series forecasting methods often struggle to account for nonlinear regime changes in growth, our approach successfully captures the onset of buildout as well as external economic shocks

July 12, 2024: Sound Predictability Recent research highlights the complex nature of tinnitus and its impact on sound perception.

June 30, 2024: Bridge Editing DNA editing facilitated by the IS110 recombinase system might offer advantages over CRISPR technology for certain DNA alterations.

June 25, 2024: Enhancing Traditional Fermentation with Synthetic Microbial Communities As SynCom research and technology continue to advance, we can expect to see a transformative impact on the diversity and quality of our food choices.

June 9, 2024: Life Exposures and Health In our daily lives, we are exposed to thousands of substances, yet the impact of many of these chemicals on our health remains unclear.

June 7, 2024: Genomic Therapy Restores Hearing in Children A new study published in Nature Medicine reports promising results from an innovative gene therapy designed to treat inherited deafness.

June 1, 2024: Transforming Elder Care The new era of care will feature intelligent wheelchairs with advanced control systems, robotic aids for daily assistance, and AI-driven support tools for caregivers, focusing on personalized and adaptive support.

May 31, 2024: Lolamycin This innovative antibiotic, as detailed in a recent study published in Nature, selectively targets Gram-negative bacteria while sparing beneficial gut bacteria.

May 23, 2024: Cytokine Storms In a new case series, recently published in Cureus, three rheumatic disease patients with low disease activity needed hospitalization and new biological treatments, and one patient died after her 4th dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine.

May 10, 2024: COVID in May The virus persists in its unpredictable evolution.

May 7, 2024: The Aging Brain While there are some cognitive declines with age, aging brain has its cognitive advantages as well

April 13, 2024: Exhale The Difference A new study posted on MedrXiv sheds light on the potential of breath analysis as a powerful, non-invasive diagnostic tool for Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) and TMAU-like conditions

April 12, 2024: Propylene Oxide in Exhaled Breath as a Marker for Discriminating TMAU-like Conditions from TMAU Breath VOCs, originating from the bloodstream, hold promise for non-invasive diagnosis.

April 1, 2024: April Fools' Day 2024: Reflecting Our Digital Psyche Each prank holds a grain of truth about our world.

March 26, 2024: Phage-like behavior of SARS-CoV-2 Could it potentially replicate within bacteria in the gut microbiome?

March 14, 2024: The offshoots of JN.1 in the Evolutionary Trajectory of COVID-19 The evolving world of Pirola offshoots, where the next generation of variants is taking shape, presents a compelling case for anticipating the potential challenges that lie ahead.

March 1, 2024: SARS-Cov2 Lurking in the Middle Ear New study reveals traces of SARS-CoV-2 found in the middle ear post-COVID-19, shedding light on potential complications and viral persistence.

February 18, 2024: The Ubiquitous Journey of Propylene Oxide Although not as infamous as certain chemicals, Propylene Oxide is ubiquitous in our environment

February 9, 2024: The Persistence of COVID-19 Reinfections How Many Times Can Someone Be Reinfected with COVID-19?

January 27, 2024: Gene Therapy Rescues Childhood Deafness Gene therapy, once a concept, is now transforming lives.

January 25, 2024: Chronic SARS-CoV-2 Shedding Some individuals might unknowingly and continuously spread the virus without ever falling ill themselves.

January 21, 2024: The Invisible Language of Nature Chemical communication remains a fascinating and largely uncharted frontier, offering a glimpse into the sophisticated and silent language of nature.

January 14, 2024: Nutrigeroscience The pursuit of extended lifespan and improved health requires a deep understanding of the complex interplay between our diet and unique biological factors.

January 11, 2024: Smart Homes Redefined The integration of advanced sensors and devices into our living spaces promises not only convenience but also proactive health management.

January 9, 2024: Tripledemics The three primary respiratory illnesses continue to circulate at very high levels.

December 30, 2023: From Asimov to AI For decades, storytellers have envisioned worlds where technology holds the key to predicting the future or shaping human destinies.

December 29, 2023: Predicting Pulmonary Complications Incorporation of wearables into clinical procedures promises to enhance patient outcomes, especially in the critical postoperative phase

December 22: Microbiome & Cognitive Health Some gut microbes are linked to higher cognitive functions, while others correlate with lower cognitive scores.

December 20: G6PD and Vacination The potential adverse effects of vaccination in individuals with G6PD deficiency may be linked to an oxidative stress reaction triggered by the immunization process.

December 12: Severe COVID-19 after CAR T-cell therapy Optimal therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients remain poorly understood.

December 10: Microbots Microbots are poised to offer unprecedented insights into the GI microbiome

December 9: Pilomatrixoma Benign tumor originating from hair follicles has been noted to develop at COVID-19 vaccination sites

December 8: November 2023 update post-Thanksgiving rise in COVID-19 cases persists, as seen from wastewater monitoring and hospitalization data. JN.1 Pirola is poised to supersede the HV.1 Eris variant.

December 4: The Hidden Dangers of Your Morning Hair Routine New research highlights the darker side of chemicals emitted by hair products.

November 18: Vaccine-Induced Encephalitis The presented case reports highlight the importance of vigilance for neurological complications post-COVID-19 vaccination such as encephalitis.

November 15: COVID-19 Vaccination-Induced CRPS Masquerading as Erythromelalgia New case report that involved multiple medical specialties, including dermatology, vascular surgery, rheumatology, neurology, and orthopedics.

November 13: Rare Diseases in the Expensive Landscape of Drug Development The medical community is often unable to tell what works and what doesn’t. Practitioners' assurance is not always underpinned by evidence.

November 12: Aging, Immunity, and the Final Chapter New study demonstrated an association between individual immune cell subsets and mortality in a nationally representative sample of older adults.

November 10: Lamotrigine and COVID-19 Vaccine New case report suggests potential synergistic immune response triggered by the concurrent administration of lamotrigine and mRNA vaccination, culminating in leukopenia.

November 9: Microbiome of Cognitive Wellness The potential to mitigate cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease through novel therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiome is a promising avenue worth exploring.

November 7: Neuro-oral complications Case report on neurological complications following the administration of a third dose of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, including numbness in the mouth, feet, legs, interscapular space, and hands, along with muscle pain.

November 6: Emerging Therapies in Heart Failure The combination of novel drug classes, advanced device-based interventions, and regenerative medicine is reshaping the landscape of heart failure management

November 4: AI and Accustic Health Doctors have been listening to the sounds our bodies make for centuries.

November 3: Cytochromes P450 P450 is a vital group of enzymes found in the liver, playing a fundamental role in detoxifying the body and metabolizing various foreign compounds.

November 1: Adrenal Insufficiency Patients with adrenal insufficiency may face unique challenges when it comes to vaccination.

October 30: October's COVID-19 Impact Recent trends have shown a reduction in fatalities, but the challenge of managing COVID-19 persists.

October 22: Noncontact cardiac monitoring The Future of Heart Monitoring

October 21: The Power of Scent Scent and microbiome balance in hair health

October 20: Blockchain and Collaboration Blockchain is evolving, reshaping how industries collaborate in a distributed world

October 13: The Importance of Stable Blood Pressure in Aging Fluctuating blood pressure may impact cognitive health in older adults.

October 11: Assessing Vascular Elasticity A novel inexpensive diagnostic methodology promises to enhance our understanding of vascular elasticity

October 10: Polyradiculoneuropathy after breakthrough COVID-19 Another case report underscores the importance of considering neurological complications such in patients with COVID-19 or vaccinated against it,

October 7: Cognitive Reserve and Healthy Aging As we age, biological changes undoubtedly impact cognitive function, but cognitive reserve continues to play a pivotal role in preserving cognitive health and the ability to function effectively.

October 4: Unlocking the Scent of Disease: Methanethiol's Role in Cancer Detection The dysregulation of sulfur metabolism and the potential use of methanethiol as a biomarker.

September 25, 2023: A Century-Old Liver Saves A life A recent paper brought to light a remarkable feat in transplantation medicine.

September 23, 2023: Post-vaccinal Olfactory Dysfunction Numerous Instances of Vaccination Impacting the Sense of Smell Documented in VAERS Database and Medical Literature.

September 17, 2023: Music in the Streaming Age In this ever-evolving landscape of sound, music's essence has been reshaped by the streaming revolution

September 16, 2023: Bacteria in Alzheimer's Recent research has revealed compelling evidence of a bacterial component in the development of Alzheimer's disease.

September 15, 2023: The Inverse Vaccine against autoimmune diseases When T-cells can't tell friend from foe, inverse vaccine could invoke mechanisms of immune tolerance.

September 14, 2023: BTF Microbiome Bacillus subtilis (ammonia), Bacillus cereus (sulfide), and Schizophyllum commune (dimethyl disulfide) improve Biological Trickling Filters

September 13, 2023: Lives Lost in September Even as we yearn for normalcy, we must remain vigilant in our collective efforts to combat the virus.

September 12, 2023: Sustainable Carbon Reduction a voyage through time for CO2 levels on Earth and innovative carbon capture technologies

September 8, 2023: A Leap Towards Curing Genetic Deafness In recent years, gene therapy has surfaced as a beacon of hope for those grappling with genetic hearing loss

September 4, 2023: Bimodal Neuromodulation Tinnitus, often described as a persistent ringing or buzzing in the ears leading to distress and discomfort, affects more than 10% of the population worldwide

August 31, 2023: The Fascinating World of Mikania Plants Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata are a treasure trove of antibacterial properties

August 30, 2023: Treatment of COVID-19 Vaccine-triggered Migraine CGRP mAb treatment could improve headaches induced by COVID-19 vaccination.

August 26, 2023: Chronicles of Community-Driven Research: The Evolution of MEBO and PATM Studies In the ever-evolving landscape of medical science, the untangling of medical mysteries often hinges not just on technological advancements or expert researchers, but on the active involvement of community members.

August 24, 2023: Decoding the Age Within AI can use chest radiographs to predict age with astonishing accuracy.

August 21, 2023: Tracking Antibiotic Resistance Genes How Lifestyle Choices and Dietary Habits Shape Our Lifelong Battle Against Resistant Infections

August 20, 2023: Human Skin Gas Profiles in PATM A new study explores the human skin gas profiles to shed new light on PATM.

August 16, 2023: Strategy Builds Youth's Focus, Puzzles Sharpen Seniors' Memory Games can be a valuable part of mental well-being at any age.

August 12, 2023: Evolution of COVID-19 Reinfection and Immunity As the pandemic progressed, records for the length of infection and number of reinfections began to break.

August 11, 2023: Engaging All Senses: A Key to Brain Health The human body's sensory system is intricate and profoundly connected to cognitive function

August 10, 2023: The Neurological Gut-Brain Link The human body is a complex system, and one of its most fascinating connections is the gut-brain axis

August 3, 2023: Accelerated Aging after mRNA Vaccination Recent studies found significant destruction in ribosomal RNA structures after vaccination, a phenomenon that was enhanced by serial shots. This destruction was identified even six months after vaccination but could be compensated by Huaier administration

August 2, 2023: Microbiome Testing and Personalized Wellness Primary appeal of microbiome testing services lies in their convenience.

August 1, 2023: Hemoglobin Adducts Blood (hemoglobin adducts), urinary and breath biomarkers for assessing chemical exposure.

July 26, 2023: Isometric Exercise A new review has thrown a spotlight on a seemingly underrated type of exercise for cardiovascular health.

July 24, 2023: AI-Powered Medicine If you have an interest in the future of medicine and the role AI technologies like ChatGPT play in shaping it, check out our new review

July 24, 2023: The Rise of Arcturus and Eris SARS-CoV-2 is showing no signs of disappearing.

July 19, 2023: Genetically-Engineered Probiotics GE bacteria could be customized to target specific health issues.

July 14, 2023: Myocarditis & POTS after vaccination Slovakian Case report on short- and long-term complications of vaccination.

July 11, 2023: Unleashing synthetic biology to cure TMAU FSU iGEM-2023 team is exploring new frontiers in the treatment of TMAU using synthetic biology.

July 8, 2023: Mobiluncus and Peptoniphilus What happens if these bacteria are in your navel.

July 7, 2023: Plexopathy after COVID-19 Vaccination Vaccination complications can present as nerve pain

July 5, 2023: Forensics and Forecasting Analysis of volatile organic compounds in digital forensics and sensory forecasting.

June 27, 2023: iGEM 2023 International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) is an annual competition in the field of synthetic biology. This year, a new team will utilize genetically engineered bacteria to tackle human disease.

June 25, 2023: Lessons from 2001: A Space Odyssey Why did the HAL 9000 AGI run amok aboard the Discovery One spaceship on its way to Jupiter?

June 19, 2023: Delayed myocarditis Healthy 24-year-old man develops myocarditis three months after a second dose of the Moderna vaccine.

June 13, 2023: Transforming Dermatology ChatGPT is transforming biomedical fields with its real-world applications

June 12, 2023: New-onset acute psychosis A Case report published today describes new-onset acute psychosis as a manifestation of lupus cerebritis following concomitant COVID-19 infection and vaccination.

June 10, 2023: Hallucinations in NLG Natural Language Generation Models can generate hallucinated texts. Diverse mitigation strategies have been proposed.

June 9, 2023: AI Transformers for Biomedicine Over 100 pretrained models based on transformer architectures have been utilized in medical domain.

June 8, 2023: Diabetes genes A study published today in Nature Genetics has identified nine new candidate genes associated with diabetes.

June 7, 2023: Wastewater Epidemiology WBE holds the potential to revolutionize public health, enhance environmental monitoring, and promote a more sustainable and equitable future.

June 5, 2023: Coding with ChatGPT Tips for coding with ChatGPT and related tools based on large language models.

June 4, 2023: AI in Elderly Healthcare As we move forward, we need to develop AI technologies that are inclusive, fair, and ethical, ensuring that they truly meet the needs of older adults.


June 2, 2023: The Making of ChatGPT ChatGPT was developed in two phases: pre-training and fine-tuning.

June 2, 2023: EBV reactivation We discuss two case reports suggesting a potential link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and COVID-19 vaccination

May 30, 2023: Accelerating Knowledge Innovation New review of reviews illustrates that ChatGPT is expanding into different domains, paving the way for a future where knowledge creation is accelerated, insights are amplified, and breakthroughs are within closer reach.

May 29, 2023: Chatting about ChatGPT From myths and fairytales to science and statistics, ChatGPT showcased exceptional proficiency, able to tackle diverse subjects and chat about a wide variety of topics.

May 22, 2023: Exploring the Potential of Bioactive Textiles Human Health and Safety can be enhanced through Innovative Fabric Solutions.

May 20, 2023: Parsonage-Turner syndrome Parsonage-Turner syndrome, also known as acute brachial neuritis, is a rare condition characterized by sudden-onset shoulder pain and weakness. New paper reports a case of Parsonage-Turner syndrome triggered by booster COVID-19 vaccination.

May 15, 2023: Resilience to Alzheimer's Study Reveals Gene Variant that Counters Effects of Genetic Mutation in Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease

May 9, 2023: Depression AI With improved sensors and AI algorithms, wearable AI technology for detecting and predicting depression could eventually be used in clinical practice.

May 4, 2023: An update on COVID-19 Nobody is counting vaccine doses anymore. But COVID-19 is still here, and there are breakthrough COVID-19 reports even after the 7th dose.

May 1, 2023: Brain decoder A study published today in journal Nature introduced a non-invasive semantic decoder based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and Generative Pre-trained Transformer.

April 28, 2023: ChatGPT as a coauthor? With at least seven authorship credits on preprints and published scientific articles and multiple mentions in Acknowlegments and Methods sections, ChatGPT is taking the world by storm

April 17, 2023: Ulcerative Colitis triggered by breakthrough COVID-19 Even asymptomatic breakthrough COVID-19 can be associated with severe UC

April 10, 2023: Hearing Aid Research Given the limited research on OTC hearing aids, it is crucial to prioritize independent research.

April 6, 2023: Autobrewery Microbiome Autobrewery Syndrome (ABS) is as a disorder of microbial dysbiosis.

April 5, 2023: AI vs sonographers AI was more efficient and more accurate than sonographers in making initial assessments of echocardiograms and in making corrections to those assessments.

April 4, 2023: Neuroinflammatory VAEs Viruses and their vaccines may unmask CNS neuroinflammatory conditions.

April 1, 2023: From Laughs to Inspiration Keeping an eye on April Fool's jokes can be a fun way to stay up-to-date with the latest trends in tech, while also potentially discovering new ideas and concepts that could shape the future of innovation.

March 30, 2023: Pulmonary VAEs COVID-19 vaccination may be associated with pleural effusion in healthy individuals, with or without the concurrent diagnosis of myocarditis or pericarditis, without any infection.

March 28, 2023: Multiorgan inflammation Multisystem Inflammation can occur in children and adults post-vaccination.

March 27, 2023: Post-vaccinal ALS A case of ALS being diagnosed in an otherwise healthy individual following the J&J COVID -19 vaccination.

March 23, 2023: Old & Emerging Probiotics It's becoming increasingly clear that a personalized approach to prebiotic and probiotic use may be necessary to achieve optimal health outcomes.

March 22, 2023: Beethoven's Genome Genomic analyses of hair samples attributed to Ludwig van Beethoven, revealed his genetic predisposition to liver disease, past infection with hepatitis B, wheat and lactose tolerance.

March 18, 2023: DTC Dentistry We are witnessing the rise of Direct-To-Consumer dentistry as a new form of delivering dental care.

March 15, 2023: Multiple Sclerosis 19-year-old male with suspected demyelinating disease developed cerebral venous thrombosis after vaccination, suddenly passed away 2 weeks after nearly asymptomatic breakthrough COVID-19, 5 months after 2nd dose of the vaccine.

March 9, 2023: PEG Skin Testing Skin test with PEG 3350 identified allergic reaction to BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine.

March 6, 2023: AI for Predicting Heart Transplant Outcomes In the practice of treating heart failure, where many decisions are frequently made on the basis of expert judgments rather than high-quality data-driven evidence, application of AI is particularly promising

March 2, 2023: Recurring neurocardiogenic syncope after vaccination Syncope, also known as fainting or passing out, can be an indication of underlying heart problems.

March 1, 2023: Toothache as a side effect of vaccination Trigeminal neuralgia could be one of the reasons for vaccine-induced tooth pain.

February 27, 2023: Polyneuropathy After COVID-19 Vaccination Presenting two cases of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) after the first or the third dose of COVID-19 vaccines.

February 24, 2023: STAT3-mediated VAEs New article provides evidence that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induces STAT3 activation through TLR stimulation, which may potentially exacerbate STAT3-dependent diseases.

February 16, 2023: Neuropathology of aging brain As we age, the structure and function of our brains can change, which may contribute to cognitive decline.

February 13, 2023: Polyarteritis Nodosa COVID-19 vaccination is a lesser-known cause of Polyarteritis Nodosa

February 9, 2023: Post-vaccinal Lupus Cases of Lupus, including Systemic lupus erythematosus myocarditis, in patients with no history of autoimmune diseases,

February 7, 2023: Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against COVID-19 Autopsy findings corroborate previous reports of encephalitis and myocarditis caused by COVID-19 vaccines.

February 6, 2023: Stealth Care System for IBS a cellular delivery system can safely carry potent antibiotics to selectively attack and kill unsuspicious bacteria

February 1, 2023: Visualizing Microbiome the development of new data visualization tools is essential for unlocking the full potential of microbiome research

January 31, 2023: Tuning brainwaves to improve learning Brain's natural electrical rhythms can be influenced by external stimuli, such as sounds or light, to boost cognitive abilities.

January 30, 2023: Long VITT Cases of continuous and progressively serious thrombocytopenia (long VITT) are reported after vaccination.

January 27, 2023: Stroke with unusual presentations As FDA is launching a study to look into the possible link between bivalent vaccines and stroke, we discuss a few cases with different presentations.

January 25, 2023: Food, Hormones and Odor Pollution Scientific papers published in January are about goats, fish, fermented food and biological waste.

January 20, 2023: Participatory Environmental Health Research The field of environmental health is facing increasingly complex challenges that require innovative approaches to research and decision-making.

January 16, 2023: Another complete autopsy report Autopsy report of a fully vaccinated 83-year-old man is consistent with previously published data on unvaccinated patients who had died from COVID-19

January 13, 2023: Fatal COVID-19 after Bivalent Booster 5 cases of breakthrough COVID-19 after updated bivalen booster vaccination in the 65+ age groups

January 13, 2023: Stroke after Bivalent Booster Possible increase in ischemic stroke in people 65 and older who recently got one of updated COVID-19 booster shots.

January 11, 2023: Ocular side effects of vaccination Various adverse ocular effects have been reported after immunization by all COVID-19 vaccines.

January 10, 2023: Antibiotics and Bowel Disorders Frequent use of antibacterial drugs can increase the risk of developing microbiome-associated diseases in all age groups. Recent study found the risk of Crohn’s disease to be the highest for antibiotic use in the 40s and 50s.

January 9, 2023: Active and Passive Crowdsourcing in Medical Research With the rise of crowdsourcing and the increasing popularity of platforms that allow individuals to collaborate and share information (knowingly or unknowingly), it's important to consider how these tools can be leveraged to advance health and medicine.

January 8, 2023: Progress in Genomics Genomics continues to be a rapidly growing and exciting field.

January 7, 2023: ACEI or ARB? Different classes of drugs have different mechanisms of action, side effects, and some may be more suitable for certain patients than others.

January 7, 2023: HippoCamera for Aging Brain A smartphone application called HippoCamera was shown to be effective tool for improving the recall of episodic memories in older adults.

January 6, 2023: Post-vaccinal myocarditis and POTS long-term post-vaccinal cardiovascular symptoms linked to significantly higher levels of the virus's spike protein not bound by immune antibodies. A case of overlapping myocarditis and POTS presented for 13 year old male.

January 5, 2023: Microbiome Research Microbiome research has increased dramatically in recent years, driven by advances in technology and significant reductions in the cost of analysis.

January 4, 2023: Collaborative Economy and Innocentive Science Most of collaborative economy concepts appeared in the mid-2000s, except for peer-to-peer networks that can be traced back to the 1970s. Yet existing models do not engage the general public in science.

January 3, 2023: Genetic Determinants of Aging and Longevity The contribution of genetic factors to aging is estimated at up to 30%

January 2, 2023: Quantified Self: From Sousveillance to Personal Science and Phenotyping The quantified self movement has evolved over the years

January 1, 2023: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome after Vaccination CRPS may be triggered by an injury such as vaccine injection trauma or other event that damages or irritates the nerves.